四、非限制性定语从句的判定及其关系词 which 的选用
例1 . She heard a terrible noise , ____ brought her heart into her mouth . (NMET 91)
A . it B . which C . this D . that
例2 . The weather turned out to be very good , ____ was more than we could expect . (NMET 94)
A . what B . which C . that D . it
以上两题都选B。非限制性定语从句的一个典型判断标志是从句一般用逗号与主句隔开,它只是先行词的附加说明,省去后不会影响主句的表达。在非限制性定语从句中,通常不用 that 来引导。另外,which 引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词既可为单个的词(如例1),也可为主句所叙述的事(如例2) 。
五、“介词 + 关系代词”结构
例1 . He paid the boy 10 for washing the windows , most of ____ hasn\'t been cleaned at least a year . (MET 90)
A . these B . those C . that D . which
例2 . In the dark street , there wasn\'t a single person ____ she could turn for help . (MET 92)
A . that B . who C . for whom D . to whom
在定语从句中,能用于“介词 + 关系代词”结构中作介词宾语的关系代词只有 whom (指人时)和 which(指物或事时)。这种结构易于掌握,以上两题都选 D。值得一提的是同学们在学习中要注意这种结构中介词的来源和选用,如例 2 用了一个短语“turn to sb . for help”(向某人求助) 。
■ 动名词、不定式作宾语的区别
动名词和不定式都能作宾语,用动名词还是用不定式要受前边的动词限制,下面就把分别能接动名词和不定式的动词作一归类。
一、只能接动名词作宾语,中学
教材中常见的动词有:avoid , admit , advise , consider , delay , enjoy , finish , forbid , give up , imagine , keep , mind , miss , practise , permit , resist , risk , suggest , stop 等。( stop 后虽也能接不定式,但不定式是作状语的。) 例如:
I am considering changing my plan .
We don\'t permit smoking here but you are allowed to smoke here .
二、只能接不定式的动词有:①要求、希望、想要一类的动词。如:hope , wish , expect , intend (想要),ask , demand;②同意一类的动词。如:agree , promise;③愿不愿意一类的动词。如:care (愿意),refuse 等;④决定、企图一类的动词。如:determine , decide , offer , attempt , manage , hesitate 等。外加 plan , pretend , fail。剩下的可按以下口诀来记:想要干,同意办;愿不愿意,别假扮,问问看,一旦决定,尽量干。例如:
They decided to do the experiment again .
Tom failed to pass the examination .
三、即可接不定式,又可接动名词,意思上无多大差别的有:begin , start , love , hate , continue , need , require , want , like。但 begin 和 start 在下列情况下只要求接不定式:
1) 主语是物而不是人;2) start 和 begin 本身是进行时;3) 表示一个心理认识的过程。如:He began to realize that he was wrong .
别外 require , want (需要),need 这三个词都表示“需要”,指客观事物需要……时,虽接不定式和动名词意义上无区别,但动名词用主动形式,不定式用被动形式。例如:
The desks need repairing . The desks need to be repaired .
四、接不定式和接动名词意义上有很大差别,中学
教材中出现的有:remember , forget , regret , try , mean。这些动词还可分为两类,remember , forget , regret 是接动名词和不定式含义不同;regret , try 和 mean 是因本身词义的不同,分别要求接不定式或动名词。例如: